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- <text id=93CT1738>
- <link 90TT1286>
- <link 89TT1735>
- <title>
- Cote d'Ivoire--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Ivory Coast
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The early history of Cote d'Ivoire is virtually unknown,
- although it is thought that a neolithic culture existed there.
- France made its initial contact with Cote d'Ivoire in 1637, when
- missionaries landed at Assinie near the Gold Coast (now Ghana)
- border. Early contacts were limited a few missionaries because
- of the inhospitable coastline and settlers' fear of the
- inhabitants.
- </p>
- <p> In the 18th century, the country was invaded by two related
- ethnic groups--the Agnis, who occupied the southeast, and the
- Baoules, who settled in the central section. In 1843-44, Adm.
- Bouet-Williaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand
- Bassam and Assinie regions, placing their territories under a
- French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading
- companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under
- French control inland from the lagoon region. However,
- pacification was not accomplished until 1915.
- </p>
- <p>French Period
- </p>
- <p> Cote d'Ivoire officially became a French colony in 1893.
- Captain Binger, who had explored the Gold Coast frontier, was
- named the first governor. He negotiated boundary treaties with
- Liberia and the United Kingdom (for the Gold Coast) and later
- started the campaign against Almany Samory, a Malinke chief,
- who waged war against the French until 1898.
- </p>
- <p> From 1904 to 1958, Cote d'Ivoire was a constituent unit of
- the Federation of French West Africa (now Mauritania, Senegal,
- Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina, and Cote d'Ivoire). It was a
- colony under the Third French Republic and an overseas territory
- under the Fourth Republic. Until the period following World War
- II, governmental affairs in French West Africa was administered
- from Paris through governors general and territorial governors.
- France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its
- philosophy of "association," meaning that all Africans in Cote
- d'Ivoire were officially French "subjects" without rights to
- representation in Africa or France.
- </p>
- <p> A harsh and racially conscious Vichy regime remained in
- control until 1943, when members of Gen. Charles de Gaulle's
- provisional government assumed control of all French West
- Africa. The Brazzaville conference in 1944, the first
- Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and
- France's gratitude for African loyalty to Free France during
- World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946.
- French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the
- right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms
- of forced labor were abolished.
- </p>
- <p> A turning point in relation with France was reached with the
- 1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred a number
- of powers previously reserved for metropolitan administrators
- to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and
- removed remaining voting inequalities.
- </p>
- <p>Independence
- </p>
- <p> In December 1958, Cote d'Ivoire became an autonomous republic
- within the French community as a result of a referendum that
- brought community status to all members of the old Federation
- of French West Africa except Guinea, which had voted against
- association. Cote d'Ivoire became independent on August 7, 1960,
- and permitted its community membership to lapse.
- </p>
- <p> Cote d'Ivoire's contemporary political history is closely
- associated with the career of Felix Houphouet-Boigny, president
- of the republic and leader of the Parti Democratique de la Cote
- d'Ivoire (PDCI). He was one of the founders of the Rassemblement
- Democratique Africain (RDA), the leading preindependence
- interterritorial political party in French West Africa. The RDA
- established constituent units in all French West African
- territories except Mauritania, as well as in the Congo
- (Brazzaville), Chad, Gabon, and Cameroon.
- </p>
- <p> Houphouet-Boigny first came to national political prominence
- in 1944 as founder of the Syndicat Agricole Africain, an
- organization that won improved labor conditions for African
- farmers and formed a nucleus for the PDCI. After World War II,
- he was elected by a narrow margin to the first Constituent
- Assembly. Representing Cote d'Ivoire in the French National
- Assembly from 1946 to 1959, he devoted much of his effort to
- interterritorial political organization and further
- amelioration of labor conditions. After his 13-year service in
- the French National Assembly, including almost 3 years as a
- minister in the French Government, he became Cote d'Ivoire's
- first prime minister in April 1959, and the following year was
- elected its first president.
- </p>
- <p> In May 1959, Houphouet-Boigny reinforced his position as a
- dominant figure in West Africa by leading Cote d'Ivoire, Niger,
- Upper Volta (Burkina), and Dahomey (Benin) into the Council of
- the Entente, a regional organization promoting economic
- development. (Togo joined in 1966.) He has maintained that the
- only true road to African solidarity is through step-by-step
- economic and political cooperation, recognizing the principle of
- nonintervention in the internal affairs of other African states.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Cote d'Ivoire has enjoyed relative political stability since
- independence. President Houphouet-Boigny, a moderate leader of
- considerable stature in Africa, uses direct personal dialogue
- wit representatives of various segments of Ivorian society.
- </p>
- <p> The PDCI, the single ruling party, includes most elements of
- the country's political life and serves as a form for policy
- decisions and as an instrument for ensuring the application of
- government policies. More open discussion of government
- policies has occurred since the country's first competitive
- elections for legislative, municipal, and local par positions
- in 1980. National elections have been held at regular 5-year
- intervals since independence, and are next scheduled for 1990.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- April 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-